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DOI: https://doi.org/10.52587/njhms.v4i1.37 Objective: Hemostasis is the natural process causing the blood to stop flowing out from damaged blood vessel following an injury. This involves the coagulation process activating the coagulation mechanism to form fibrin clot. Cytotoxicity is the ability of an agent to destroy the living cells. The current work was aimed to study the thrombolytic and cytoprotective potential of Moringa oleifera leaves extract through in vitro assays. Material and Methods: M. oleifera leaves extract was tested for thrombolytic activity against human blood clots through clot lysis assay using streptokinase as standard thrombolytic agent. For evaluation of cytoprotective potential of the aqueous leaves extract, hemolytic assay was performed using washed human erythrocytes. Distilled water and Triton X-100 was used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Results: Current study results showed significant (p<0.05) clot lysis activity against blood clots but the percent clot lysis by M. oleifera extract (42.74±1.8%) was lower than that of standard streptokinase (79.4±2.6%). No significant (p>0.05) hemolysis was observed in M. oleifera leaves extract (6.58±1.02%) treated red cells and distilled water (2.84±0.78%) while remarkably significant (p<0.05) hemolysis of washed red cells incubated with triton X-100 (86.04 ± 4.87 %) was observed. Conclusion: The study indicated that M. oleifera leaves have therapeutic potential against blood clots with less cytotoxic effect on human erythrocytes. Hence, this plant might be used as cardioprotective and membrane stabilizing agents in pharmaceutical preparations after proper screening and analysis of bioactives present in aqueous extract of this plant. Keywords: Thrombolytic, streptokinase, cardioprotective, cytotoxicity

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52587/njmhs.v4i1.32 Objective: This study aims to compare the compare the treatment response of azithromycin against ciprofloxacin while treating salmonella infection in children. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in Yaseen Memorial Hospital, Faisalabad Pakistan. Informed written consent was taken from parents or guardians of patients. The sample size of the study was 200 children. The Patients that are included in the study after fulfillment of the criteria were included in study and were randomly divided into Azithro-group and Cipro-group. Cipro-group was treated with oral ciprofloxacin 15mg/kg/dose twice a day for 7 days. Azithro-group was treated with oral azithromycin 10mg/kg/dose Once/day for 7 days. Patients were closely monitored during the whole study period. Results: Out of 200 patients, 125 patients fall between 3- to 8-year age group. Out of these, 71 were in Cipro-group and 54 were in Azithro-group. Rest of the 75 patients fall between the 9- to 14-year age group. Out of these, 29 were in Cipro-group whereas 46 in Azithro-group. The Comparative efficacy of the oral azithromycin vs oral ciprofloxacin in children with typhoid infection demonstrates that 89% patient in Azithro-group and 68% patient in Cipro-group met the criteria of effectiveness. While 32% in Cipro-group and 11% in Azithro group did not meet the criteria of effectiveness despite the same treatment. Differences were considered statistically significant if p<0.05. Conclusion: Clinical treatment response with azithromycin is significantly higher both age groups of children in comparison to ciprofloxacin for treating typhoid fever. Keywords: Children, Typhoid fever, treatment response, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52587/njmhs.v4i1.15 Objective: Tuberculosis affects mainly lungs, and other organs of human body such as brain, bones and intestine may be involved. Tuberculosis treatment causes significant hematological and biochemical changes during treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the hematological profile of TB patients who are treated with anti-TB drugs. Material and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients who were treated with standard regimen for the treatment of TB. The data before the treatment and during the treatment of five-month was collected at FJC Hospital, Quetta-Pakistan. The data about the indicator enzymes of hepatocellular functions in the serum (such as ALT, AST and ALK-P) and the hematological parameters (such as changes in RBC and WBC counts) during tuberculosis treatment were included in the study. Results: The level of different biochemical and hematological parameters in the blood were significantly affected. The mean value of RBC count in TB patient before treatment was 4.89±0.51 million cells/mcL and after five-month treatment it was 4.84±0.54 million cells/ mcL. The average total WBC in TB patients before treatment (10.29±1.49 ×109/L) and after completion of five-month treatment (6.83±.97×109/L) decreases significantly. The mean thrombocyte count in TB patients before treatment (244.98±20.32×109/L) and after five-month treatment (244.66±28.37×109/L) changed slightly. The ALK-P in TB patient before treatment was 111.10±12.9 IU and after completion of five-month of anti TB drugs the value was 127.80±7.2 IU, which slightly increased. The mean ALT in TB patient before treatment was 39.56±1.37U/L and after five-month treatment it was 43.56±4.16U/L. The average globulin level in TB patient after completion of five-month treatment increased significantly. Conclusion: The data showed significant variations in the different biochemical and hematological parameters in the blood of TB patients before initiation and after the completion of anti-TB treatment. The TB patient should be monitored during and after intensive phase of treatment especially for liver enzymes. Keywords: Biochemical assessment, anti TB drugs. Liver enzyme, Hematological indices

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52587/njmhs.v4i1.29 Objective: The objective of study was to find out the prevalence of flat foot in the female adults of university and to find out the association of flat foot with obesity and footwear. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study conducted in the female students with sample size of 714 who meet our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Duration of study was six months. Study was conducted at department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Faisalabad. Sample was selected by convenient sampling and then measure the primary outcomes of our study i.e., body mass index (BMI) and footwear. The clinical tests i.e., single limb heel rise test and Supple Pes Planus test were performed and the Clarke’s angle of foot prints is measured. Results: The prevalence of flat foot in the female students of the University of Faisalabad was 9.64% in which 4.00% were unilateral flat foot and 5.64% were bilateral flat foot. The 72.55% females had negative ligamentous test and 27.45% had positive ligamentous test. The 20.18% females had positive Single limb heel rise test and 79.82% females had negative test. There is no association of flat foot with BMI, type of shoes and type of heels, p=0.465, p=0.783 and p=0.209 respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of pes planus was 9.64% in which 7.45% had mild flat foot and 2.18% had moderate flat foot and 4.00% were unilateral and 5.64% were bilateral. The bilateral flat foot was more than unilateral flat foot. There was no association of obesity and footwear with Clark’s Angle in the flat foot individuals. Keywords: Supple pes Planus, Single Limb Heel Rise, Clarke angle, BMI, Footwear, Flat foot.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52587/njmhs.v4i1.31 Objective: Kidney stones have both genetic and environmental factors for its formation. The objective of this study was to find the affected lab parameters in urolithiasis patients and to find the association between dietary habits and kidney stone formation in confirmed urolithiasis patients at Jinnah hospital, General hospital, and Sheikh Zaid hospital Lahore. Material and Methods: About 140 confirmed urolithiasis patients were included in the study from Urology wards of above-mentioned hospitals with due permission of competent authorities. Related data was collected by using pre-certified questionnaire. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 26.0. Results: Selective blood parameters like Urea, Creatinine, Lymphocytes, and granulocytes were found significantly (p<0.05) high in the participants. MPV and RDW were also raised in these patients. Results also showed that dietary factors including green leafy vegetables (Spinach, mustard greens, curly leaves and cabbage), meat (red meat, fish meat and organ meat), lentils and lack of water intake were found significantly (p<0.05) major dietary factors which might be associated with kidney stones development in these urolithiasis patients. Conclusion: Kidney stone formation can influence lab markers such as urea, Creatinine, lymphocytes, MPV, granulocytes, and RDW, which might prove helpful in early detection of the disease. Dietary factors like certain vegetables, meat (Red meat and organ meat), cereals and lack of water intake might have some association with kidney stones development in urolithiasis, that warrants further studies to get clear association. Keywords: Renal stones, prevalence, risk factors, hot weather, dietary habits, renal parameter