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Objective: Anemia during pregnancy is a frequent medical problem that contributes to increased maternal and fetal morbidity. Current work was planned to investigate the iron deficiency anemia associated with pregnancy. Material and Methods: A total of 150 pregnant females with different trimester and different history of gravida were selected from different rural areas of Sargodha District Punjab-Pakistan. A questionnaire was completed and blood samples were collected from all subjects to determine the concentration of Hemoglobin, serum Iron and Total iron binding capacity. Results: Study results revealed that prevalence of iron deficiency anemia is more significant (p<0.05) during second trimester with Hemoglobin concentration (9.1±1.7 g/dL), iron (29±5.1 µg/dL) and TIBC (367±91 µg/dL) as compared to first and third trimester. Furthermore, the results showed that prevalence of iron deficiency anemia is 89% with hemoglobin < 11.0 g/dL; of which mild anemia was 47 % (Hb 9-11 g/dL), moderate anemia 33% (Hb 7-8.9g/dL), severe anemia 08% (Hb <7 g/dL) and only 11 % pregnant female have hemoglobin > 11 g/dL. Conclusion: It could be concluded that iron deficiency anemia is significantly associated with progression of gestational period which is more prevalent in rural areas of Sargodha. Further, this condition could be controlled by improving the socioeconomic status of local population as well as with iron supplementation. Key Word: Anemia, iron deficiency, pregnancy, rural areas

Objective: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an inflammatory disease with airway obstruction that can affect breathing pattern and consequently posture. The objective of the study was to measure the effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on cervical and lumbar spinal mobility. Material and Methods: This was analytical cross-sectional study, consists of 75 patients with COPD. An inclinometer was used to assess a range of motion, and the Dutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (DMQ) was used to assess pain. Analysis of data done by using SPSSv20. Percentage and frequency were used for categorical variables, age, and gender. Results: Majority of participants had limited lumber ranges and mild limitation in cervical ranges. Patients felt much trouble in moving heavy load and little trouble when working in an uncomfortable posture. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that majority of patients had limited lumber ranges, and they felt trouble in doing activities. Key Words: COPD, Posture, Inclinometer, Range of motion

A comprehensive body of evidence now exists concerning the protective effect of healthy eating habits and food choices against a number of chronic diseases particularly diabetes, cancer and stress. In the main body of the review, the factors that affect food choice decisions of university students in relation to healthy eating habits are studied. Determinants covered included; socio- demographic, breakfast skipping, availability of food, media advertisings, fast-food consumption, family choices, stress and poor meal patterns. The content of review showed that poor food choices are leading towards chronic diseases. The purpose of this review is to highlight the determinants affecting food choices and eating patterns of students by showing the association with chronic diseases and poor health status. Key Words: Food Choices, Meal Patterns, Diabetes, Cancer, Psychological Stress, Breakfast Consumption

Abstract Objective: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major and growing contributor to morbidity and mortality in Asian countries including Pakistan. This study is planned to examine the variations in various hematological indicators in cardiac patients from Faisalabad, Pakistan. Material and Methods: The study population consists of fifty subjects including healthy individuals as control group (n=20) and cardiac patients as test group (n=30). The blood samples taken from subjects were investigated for hematological indices using an Automated Hematology Analyzer Sysmex KX-21. Results: Significant variations in hematological indices were observed between the control group and test group individuals. Results showed that mean corpuscular volume, total white blood cells, packed cell volume and platelets count were increased significantly (p<0.05) in test-group individuals than in control-group. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was also increased in test group individuals. It was also found that hemoglobin concentration and percent neutrophil count were decreased significantly (p<0.05) in test-group as compared to control-group. Conclusion: This study concluded that investigating hematological indices is a useful indicator for evaluating the health status of cardiac patients along with other specific markers for cardiovascular diseases. Key Words: Cardiovascular disease, Hemoglobin, White Blood Cells Count, ESR

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the frequency of most common bacteria from bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern in neonatal sepsis. Material and Methods: A total of 200 neonates of both genders aged under 28 days of life who presented with neonatal sepsis were included in the study. Blood culture and sensitivity reported were obtained, and frequency of common bacterial isolates and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern were recorded. Results: The age of the patients ranged from 2 days to 27 days with a mean of 8.25±5.99 days. Majority (n=172, 86.0%) of the patients were aged under 2 weeks. The weight of the patients ranged from 1.6 Kg to 4.0 Kg with a mean of 2.53±0.56 Kg. Body weight was between 1.6-2.8 Kg in 150 (75.0%) patients while the remaining 50 (25.0%) patients had body weight in the range of 2.9-4.0 Kg. There were 124 (62.0%) male and 76 (38.0%) female patients (with male to female ratio of 1.6:1). E. Coli was the most frequent bacteria found in 78 (39.0%) cases while Ciprofloxacin (49.0%) and Meropenem (43.0%) were least resistant antibiotics. Conclusion: E coli were the most frequent bacteria followed by S. aureus, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp. and S. epidermidis in patients with neonatal sepsis. Ampicillin was found to be the most frequent resistant antibiotic and meropenem was least resistant drug. Key Words: Neonatal Sepsis, Bacterial Isolate, Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern

Objective: Lung cancer (LC) is one of the leading causes of cancer related deaths worldwide. Among other reasons, one cause of LC deaths is the lack of early diagnosis. Serum biomarkers might be helpful in early detection of this cancer but there is no up to date specific biomarker reported to diagnose LC. Aim of the present study was to predict the tumor associated proteins as potential biomarkers for the early detection of Lung Cancer (LC). Material and Methods: 50 serum samples from LC patients were tested and SDS-PAGE profiling was performed. The visualization of detected protein bands the gels were stained by Coomassie blue staining method. Results: Two bands were differentially expressed by LC patients comparing control sera. A 41 kDa band was stained in 21% testing sera while 110 kDa band was stained with 17% testing sera of patients. Conclusion: These protein bands might serve as candidate potential biomarkers for early LC diagnosis after mass spectrometry confirmation with large scale testing sera. Keywords: Sera, Diagnostic biomarker, Lung cancer