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Abstract Objective: To study the antifungal activities of aqueous and organic extracts of Prosopis cineraria against selected fungal strains including Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Material and Methods: Prosopis cineraria extracts were prepared using different solvents including water, methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. Disc diffusion method was used to study the antifungal activities of prepared extracts. The extracts were tested for antifungal activities at different concentrations i.e., 75, 50, 25, 12.6, 6.5, 2.9 and 1.8 µg/mL. Inhibition zones of tested concentrations of extracts were compared with fluconazole (standard drug) for their antifungal activities. Results: Significant antifungal activity of Ethyl acetate extract was seen against the Candida albicans at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 2.9 µg/mL, for methanolic extract MIC was 12.6 µg/mL. For the n-hexane and aqueous extracts no MIC was seen against Candida albicans. P. cineraria didn’t show any significant activity against the Aspergillus niger strain. Conclusion: P. cineraria expressed promising antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Further phytochemical analysis is required to identify the biologically active constituents which may lead towards the development of new novel antifungal drugs. Key Words: Prosopis cineraria, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Antifungal activity

Objective: To study an alternative and cheap way for the waste water treatment to remove the dyes. Material and Methods: Three adsorbents i.e. banana bark, rice straw and wheat straw were used without any treatment, having a particle size less than 841 micron to remove disperse blue 106 dye and reactive red 195 (C.R) dye from their aqueous solution. Experiments were performed in the batch method. All the experiments performed for various variables such as dose of the bio-adsorbent, shaking time, dye concentration, pH and nature of the bio-adsorbent under both shaking and static conditions. Percent (%) removal of each of the bio-adsorbent was estimated after every six hours for shaking condition and 24 hours for the static condition with the help of U.V visible spectrophotometer. Results: Banana bark proved to be the best adsorbent for Reactive red 195 dye and wheat straw for Disperse blue 106 dye. Banana bark showed best efficiency (50%-100%) for red dye as compared to the other two adsorbents and wheat straw proved to be the best adsorbent for blue dye having % removal of 40%-100% depending upon dye concentration in aqueous solution. Conclusion: Biosorbents are the hope for developing countries to protect the underground water and ecosystem from toxic effects of industrial effluents. Key Words: Biosorbent, industrial effluents, pollution, dye removal, health improvement

Abstract Osteoporosis (low bone mineral density) and sarcopenia (muscle loss) are collectively known as Osteosarcopenia. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia appear to affect the patient's fat content as the level of physical activity decreases, resulting in obesity. These three terms are named as “Osteosarcopenic obesity.” Osteoporosis and obesity have increased health care costs tremendously over the years. Nutritional modifications like sufficient magnesium, calcium, protein, vitamin D, and omega-3 and some pertinent exercises help patients dealing with this syndrome. This syndrome could be overcome by modifying dietary patterns and increasing physical activity as lifestyle choices greatly influence its prevalence. This article will help to understand the relationship between Osteosarcopenia and obesity and their associated risks. Keywords: Osteoporosis, Sarcopenia, Obesity, Nutritional modifications

Objective: To investigate the risk of hypertension among male university students in relation to dietary habits, lifestyle and obesity. Material and Methods: The cross-sectional study was performed at the Rawalpindi Medical University during September-December 2018. Participants were healthy male students aged 18-25 (medical & allied health students) selected via simple random sampling. Closed ended questionnaire was used to document life style and eating habits of participants. Blood pressure of all participants was recorded at two different occasions. BMI was calculated. The participants were selected by simple random sampling. Results: Of the 370 participants, 38(10.27%) were obese, 88(23.78) were overweight and 244 (65.95%) were with normal BMI. Out of the 370, 8(2.16%) were hypertensive whereas 68(18.38%) were pre-hypertensive and 294(79.46%) had normal blood pressure. Overall, out of 8 hypertensive participants 6(80%) were obese, 2 (20%) were overweight. Out of 68 Pre-hypertensive participants 24 (35.29%) were obese and 42(61.76%) were overweight and 2 (2.94%) were normal. These participants were taking at least two fast food meals weekly. Also, 318 (79.5%) responders were consuming soft/energy drinks more than once/day. Interestingly, 318(85.95%) respondents were spending 2-3 hours/day watching TV, playing video games or browsing on internet Conclusion: All of the hypertensive and Pre-hypertensive participants were either obese or over weight with sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating habits. Key Words: Hypertension, Sedentary lifestyle, Obesity, Dietary habits

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anaemia in pregnant patients attending antenatal outpatient department (OPD) and to assess the cause and severity of anaemia. Material and Methods: Study design: Non-probability convenience sampling technique. Place and Duration of study: Antenatal outpatient department (OPD) Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Moula Bakhsh Hospital, District Head Quarters Teaching Hospital Sargodha from February 2017 to February 2018. Haemoglobin concentration of all the study patients was measured photometrically. Then, the patients have been classified according to the types of anaemia, its prevalence in pregnancy and the socioeconomic status of patients. Results: 75.2% of pregnant women were found anaemic. Anaemia was more common in patients with increasing parity, low socioeconomic status, and in patients who presented late in their pregnancy. Amongst anaemic patients, iron deficient anamia was found in 73% of the patients. Conclusion: Anaemia is highly prevalent in our population so effective measures must be envisaged to diagnose and prevent it early in pregnancy. Key Words: Anaemia, hemoglobin, pregnancy

Objective: To determine frequency of women presenting for IUD removal due to abdominal pain after immediate post-partum insertion. Material and Methods: This is a descriptive case series conducted at Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Nishtar Hospital, Multan from 15th January 2016 to 15th July 2016. Pregnant women age 25-34 years old were included with Parity ≥3 having gestational age of 36-40 weeks on ultrasound. Sample size was 148. Results: Age range in this study was from 25 to 35 years with mean age of 32.067±1.64 years, mean gestational age 38.040±1.08 weeks, mean BMI was 28.033±1.94Kg/m2 and VAS score was 6.662±1.16. Majority of the patients were from 31-35 years (86.5%). 3-4 parity was seen in 82.4% patients. Vaginal delivery was seen in 55.4% patients. IUD removal due to pain was seen in 17(11.5%) patients. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the insertion of immediate post-partum intrauterine device is a suitable, feasible and safe way for contraception. The insertion of IUD at post-partum time is safe, has more advantages due high motivation of the patient and ease of insertion. It is highly convenient for both the patient and the doctor. Key Words: Gestational Age, BMI, Parity, IUD, Contraception.