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DOI:https://doi.org/10.52587/njmhs.v5i2.72 Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim to determine plasma expression levels of angiogenic biomarkers including HIF-1α, VEGF-A, ANG-2, FGF-2 and uPA in peripheral blood in breast cancer patients to establish if they could be used as potential biomarkers for breast cancer advanced disease assessment is relation to clinicopathological association. Materials and Methods: Blood samples of 112 Breast cancer patients and 25 healthy females were obtained, their RNA was extracted, reversed transcribed into cDNA and then analyzed using RT-qPCR. A correlation was observed among angiogenic and metastatic factors according to classical clinical-pathological risk factors. Results: The plasma angiogenic (HIF-1, VEGF-A, ANG-2, FGF-2, and uPA) biomarkers levels were significantly elevated. Observed elevations were in significant association with well-known clinicopathological variables. Conclusion: Higher expression levels of suggest that these genes can be considered as major culprits in causing angiogenesis and metastasis. Being potential biomarkers, a gene signature can be developed for determining the severity of breast tumor; therefore, can be exploited as novel therapeutic approaches to block tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. Keywords: Breast cancer, Metastasis, Angiogenesis, Expression profiling, Therapeutics Biomarkers

DOI:https://doi.org/10.52587/njmhs.v5i2.71 Objective: The present study investigated the antibiotic resistance patterns and characteristics of enteric bacteria found in drinking water of Quetta district, Pakistan. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Quetta District, located in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. A total of 150 water samples were collected from wells, taps and bottled water. water samples were processed for bacterial isolation and identification. Chi-square tests were employed to identify significant associations between bacterial contamination, resistance patterns, and potential risk factors. Results: A total of 150 water samples were collected from wells, taps and bottled water. Of these, 52% (78/150) were positive for pathogens. The main organisms identified were Escherichia coli (57.7%) and Salmonella spp. (19.2%), Shigella spp. (12.8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.3%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed high resistance to amoxicillin (93% for E. coli, 87% for Salmonella, 90% for Shigella, and 88% for K. pneumoniae). Resistance to ciprofloxacin is rare, with a resistance rate of 22% in E. coli. E. coli, Salmonella 13%, Shigella 10%, Klebsiella pneumoniae 13%. The main factors associated with infectious diseases include groundwater (OR = 5.4, 95% CI: 2.1-13.9, p<0.001), lack of purified water (OR = 4.8, 95% CI: 2.3- 10.0, p<0.001), poor sanitation practices (OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.5-6.8, p = 0.003) and Inadequate Water Storage Conditions (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1, 2-5.9, p = 0.018). Conclusion: Over half of the water samples were polluted and contaminated, The source of water from the wells being the most affected. Among all bacterial species, E. coli was the most prevalent species identified. High resistance rates to amoxicillin were observed, with ciprofloxacin showing lower resistance rates. These findings underscore the urgent need for improved water quality and targeted public health interventions to combat drug resistance. Keywords: Antimicrobial Resistance, Drinking Water, Enteric Bacteria, risk factors, Public Health

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52587/njhms.v5i2.80 Objective: The health status of the community markedly depends upon the healthy livestock industry. This does not only contribute major role in the economic but also in health of human being worldwide. In the One Health perspective, the current research work was designed to develop four (04) sets of multiplex polymerase chain reactions (mPCR) for the concomitant recognition of bovine infections. Material and Methods: The current research work was designed to develop four (04) sets of mPCR for the concomitant recognition of bovine abortive infections, including Salmonella spp. (mPCR1); Campylobacter fetus, Aspergillus spp. and Salmonella spp. (mPCR2); Salmonella spp., Campylobacter fetus, Brucella spp., Leptospira spp. and Listeria monocytogenes (mPCR3); Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), Bluetongue virus and Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) (mPCR4). The procedure was evaluated on positive controls obtained commercially as well as from Microbiology Department of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-Pakistan. These positive controls were optimized first by singlet PCR followed by multiplex PCR using specific forward and reverse primers. Results: Results obtained from each multiplex PCR reaction were 100% compatible and in agreement with the respective PCR assays in which single genes were targeted. Conclusion: It could be concluded that for the concomitant recognition and identification of the major bovine infectious abortive agents, these proposed sets of multiplex PCR assays will be more suitable which might help to proper timely management of such infectious diseases in the livestock an healthcare industry. Keywords: Infectious diseases, Diagnostic techniques, multiplex PCR, Zoonosis

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52587/njhms.v5i2.67 Abstract Objective: Chronic urothelial inflammation associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women presents a significant clinical challenge, often leading to recurrent episodes and potential complications. The main objective of this study was to find the clinicopathological correlation of chronic urothelial inflammation associated with UTI in women. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Urology Department, Shifa International Hospital Islamabad from 2022-2023. Data were collected from 220 female patients suffering from UTI. Data were collected from 220 female patients according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the demographic and clinical data were noted on systematically designed questionnaire. Medical history, clinical symptoms and imaging findings were also extracted from hospital record. Results: Data were collected from 220 female patients. Mean age was 45.6 ± 10.2 years and mean BMI was 26.8 ± 3.5kg/m2. Hypertension was the most prevalent comorbidity at 35%, followed by diabetes mellitus at 20% and chronic kidney disease at 10%. Recurrent UTIs were reported by 60% of participants, while 40% experienced their first-time UTI. The treatment outcomes were predominantly favorable, with 90% of patients showing a positive response. Symptoms resolved within 7-10 days for most cases, indicating an effective therapeutic intervention. However, 10% of patients required hospitalization, suggesting the severity of their condition or the need for more intensive management strategies. Conclusion: Chronic urothelial inflammation is prevalent among women with urinary tract infections (UTIs), characterized by lymphocytic infiltrate and a microbiological profile dominated by Escherichia coli. Keywords: UTI, Women, Infection, Inflammation, Therapeutics

DOI :https://doi.org/10.52587/njmhs.v5i2.83 Abstract Objective: Diabetes mellitus has been reported to be a metabolic condition that increases the risk of TB. Tuberculosis is 2 to 5 times more prevalent in diabetic people than in those without diabetes. This study aimed to compare the biochemical and hematological parameters of patients with TB and diabetes to those of healthy persons. Material and Methods: An Observational study was conducted to evaluate and to compare the biochemical and hematological parameters of patients with TB and diabetes to those of healthy persons. The venous blood samples of TB with diabetic patients (n=50) who presented to Gulab Devi Chest Hospital (Lahore) were taken. The sample of healthy individuals (n=20) were also included in the study. Blood samples of TB and Diabetic patients (test) and healthy individuals (control) were collected, analyzed by colorimetric method and kit method. Results: In comparative evaluation of the hematological and biochemical markers in control and test patients, it was found that the hematological parameters such as WBC, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophil and ESR significantly variations (significant at p≤0.05) While the biochemical parameters such as fasting glucose, random glucose, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ration and urea significantly (p≤0.05) varied. TB with diabetic patients indicated non-significant variations (p >0.05) in hemoglobin, lymphocytes, total protein, calcium, and phosphorus levels. Conclusion: The study concluded that there were substantial alterations in hematological and biochemical markers tested in TB-affected diabetic individuals. An infection with tuberculosis disturbed glycemic control, it is suggested that manage controls strategies of TB along with diabetes Keywords: Tuberculosis, Diabetes Mellitus, Biochemical parameters, Hematological Markers